Simplified wordCorresponding words in a passageabout(大約)approximately錛 around錛 or so錛 some，almost，nearly，roughlyabout(關于)considering（考慮到，就…來說）錛 in regard to錛 in terms of錛 respecting（關于，就…而言）錛 on錛 with respect toable(有能力的)be capable of doing 錛 competent（有能力的，能勝任的）錛 potent（有權勢的，

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有效能的）錛 omnipotent（全能的）錛 resourceful（資源豐富的，足智多謀的）/ability錛 capability（才能，技能）錛 capacity（對知識等的接受力，能力，才幹）錛 skill錛 competence錛 faculty錛 intelligence錛 aptitude（天資，才能）錛 talentactually(實際上)as a matter of fact錛 effectually錛 in effect(事實上；正在實行)錛 in fact錛 practically錛 really錛 virtuallyadjust to(改變…以適應)adapt to錛 gear to錛 accommodate to錛 go with錛 match錛 suitadvantage(優勢)merit（優點，長處，價值）錛 virtue（優點，美德）錛 benefit（益處）錛 strength（優勢，長處）advise(勸說)urge（敦促，懇求）錛advocate（擁護，提倡）錛 persuade（勸說）錛 influence（影響）錛 convince（說服，使確信）avoid(躲避)escape（逃走，躲避）錛 keep away from錛 stay away from錛 shun（躲避）錛 run away錛 evade（回避，逃避）against(反對的)opposing錛 adverse（敵對的，不利的）錛 contradictory（矛盾的）appear(出現)emerge（浮現，顯現）錛 arise（形成，出現）錛 turn out錛 show up錛 come out錛 come into sight/view錛 come forthallow(允許)let錛 permit錛 licenseapprove(贊成，同意)grant（同意，準予）錛 confirm（確定，確認）錛 agree with錛 accede to(答應，同意)assure(確保)ensure錛 guarantee錛 pledge（保證給予，保證）at the same time(同時)meanwhile錛 simultaneouslyattractive（吸引人的）alluring錛 fascinating錛 inducing錛 temptingbe likely to(有可能)tend to錛 incline to（有…的趨勢）錛 be prone/liable to（有可能…的；易于…的）begin(開始)start錛 begin with錛 spring錛 set off on錛 break out錛 strike up錛 originate from（起源于…）錛 initiate（創始，發起）錛 launch錛 unfoldcancel(廢除，取消)call off錛 do away with錛 abolish（廢除）錛 abandon（放棄）錛 revoke（撤回，廢除）錛 invalidate（使無效）錛 /obsolete（過時的，廢棄的）錛 out of date錛 out of fashion錛 old-fashionedcertain(肯定的)sure錛 positive錛 confident錛 convinced（確信的，信服的）錛 assured/certainly錛 surely錛 positively錛 definitely錛 confidently錛 assuredly錛 undoubtedly錛 unquestionablychange(變化)alter（改變，變動）錛 modify（修改）錛 vary（變化）錛 turn錛 become錛 adjust（調整）錛 amend（改動）錛 transform錛 distort（扭曲）錛 shift（移動，搬移）錛 transfigure（使變形，使改觀）classify（把…分類）assort（把…分類）錛 categorize錛 label(把…歸類為)clear(明顯的)obvious錛 evident錛 self-evident錛 manifest（顯而易見的）錛 apparent（明顯的）錛 crystal-clearclue(線索)clew錛 hint（暗示）錛 implication（暗示，暗指）錛signalcreate(創造)produce錛 bring about錛 yield（產出，產生）錛 give birth to錛 bring into being錛 generate（產生，造成，使存在）錛 invent錛 innovate錛 plan錛 design錛 imagine錛 conceive（構想，設想）錛 devise（設計，發明）錛 envision（想象，展望）complete(完整的，全部的)total錛 entire錛 full錛 whole錛 thorough錛 comprehensive錛 all-round（全能的，多面的）錛 versatile（多才多藝的，萬用的）control(控制，管理)dominate錛 manage錛 monitor錛 supervise錛 regulate錛 direct錛 rule錛 governcontinue(持續，延續)last錛 carry on錛 keep on錛 keep錛 remain錛 maintain錛 retain（保留，保持）錛 sustain錛 stay錛 perpetuate（使永久）錛 stick with錛 insist on錛 persist in/continuous錛 permanent（永久的，固定的）錛 constant（不斷的，始終如一的）錛 steady（持續的，穩定的）錛 unbroken錛 perpetual（永久的，長期的）錛 everlasting錛 eternal（永恆的）錛 lasting錛 unending錛 uninterrupted錛 undying錛 immortal錛 invariable copy(復制)duplicate錛 reproduce錛 multiplydestroy(毀壞)damage錛 devastate（破壞）錛 ruin錛 demolish（破壞，拆除）錛 wreck（破壞，拆除，使遇難）錛 knock down錛 tear down/catastrophe（大災難）錛 destruction錛 tragedydevelop(培養)cultivate錛 fosterdisaster(災禍)catastrophe（災難）錛 wreck（遇難）錛 accident錛 misfortunedisadvantage(缺點)demerit（缺點）錛 drawback錛 downside錛 weaknessdivide(分開)break up錛 separate錛 undo（解開，撤銷，毀壞，使無效）錛 disconnect錛 part錛 isolate（使隔離，使孤立）錛 detach（分離）錛exclude（排斥）錛 dismiss(解散，解雇)錛 disintegrate（使分裂，使解體）錛 split up（把…劃分）錛 fall apart（分散）錛 collapse(崩潰，

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瓦解)do（做，實施）be under way錛 carry out錛 commit錛 conduct錛 implement（實施）doubt(懷疑)question錛 discredit錛 distrust錛 disbelieve錛 mistrust錛 suspect錛 be suspicious of錛 have doubts aboutenough(足夠的)adequate錛 ample（大量的，充裕的）錛 sufficient（充足的）錛 abundant（大量的）錛 plentiful（豐富的，充足的）錛 more than enough錛 rich錛 wealthy錛 generous（豐富的，大量的，慷慨的）錛 numerous錛 in great numbersevaluate(評估)appraise（評價，鑑定）錛 assess錛 judgeexpect(期待)anticipate錛 hope錛 long for錛 look forward to錛 wishexisting(存在的)in existence錛 ubiquitous（普遍存在的，無所不在的）錛 omnipresent（普遍存在的，無所不在的）錛 universal（普遍存在的）fall to(降至)dip to，decline to，decrease to，drop to，go down to，reduce to， slump to，descend to，sink to，slide tofast(快速的)quick錛 rapid錛 swift錛 speedy錛 fleeting錛 promptfalse(錯的，假的)wrong錛 incorrect錛 mistaken錛 unreal錛 fake錛 artificial(人造的)fluctuate(波動)go ups and downs，display a fluctuation，demonstrate a fluctuationfound(建立)set錛 build up錛 construct錛 institute（建立，設立）錛 constitute（組成，構成）錛 set up錛 establishforget(忽視，忘記)not remember錛 neglect錛 ignore錛 overlook錛 disregard錛 pay no attention togather(聚集)accumulate（積累）錛 amass（積聚）錛 collect錛 pile up（堆積）錛 compile(匯編，收集)錛 assemble（聚集，裝配）錛 summon（召集）錛 organize（組織）錛 call together（召集）get(得到)receive錛 accept錛 attain（達到，獲得）錛 acquire錛 obtain錛 gain錛 earngood(好的)fabulous錛 fantastic錛 marvelous錛 terrific錛 wonderfulgrow(發育，成長，

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發展)develop錛 breed（繁殖，飼養）錛 bring up錛 nurture（培養，滋養）錛 cultivate（培養）錛 raise錛 foster錛/develop錛 advance錛 progress錛 move forward錛 go forward錛 proceed錛 flourish（繁榮）錛 thrive（繁榮）錛 boom（突然繁榮）錛 prosper（興旺，

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繁榮）grow(增長)rise，increase，go up，climb，ascend，mount錛 jump錛 skyrocket錛 surge（猛增）錛 upsurge（急劇上升）give(給予)offer錛 render（給予，提供）錛 provide錛 supply錛 afford（提供，給予；負擔得起）錛 granthave(擁有)belong to錛 hold錛 own錛 possesshappen(發生)occur錛 take place錛 come abouthurt(傷害)do harm to錛 injure錛 wound錛 impair（損害）錛 harm錛 break錛 fracture（使斷裂）錛 cripple（嚴重削弱）important(重要的)critical錛 crucial錛 essential錛 fundamental錛 foremost錛 significant錛 vital錛 make a difference錛 matter錛 play a partinfluence（影響）impact錛 affectinspect(檢查錛調查)examine錛 scan錛 study錛 check錛 investigate錛 censor（審查）錛 look into(檢查，觀察)錛 look over（察看，參觀）錛 survey（調查）/inspection錛 examination錛 census(人口普查，

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人口調查)錛 investigation錛 survey錛 inquiry錛 poll（民意調查）intend(想要，打算)tend to錛 mean錛 plan錛 be inclined to錛 resolve（決定，打定主意要）錛 attempt to錛 aim to錛 be set to錛 have in mindknow(知道，意識到)appreciate(欣賞)錛 be aware of錛 be conscious of錛 recognize錛 understandkill(死亡，毀滅)die錛 pass away錛 expire錛 run out錛 decease（死亡） /dying錛 fatal（致命的，命中注定的）錛 deadly（致命的，極有害的）mainly(主要的)basically錛 chiefly錛 essentially錛 primarily錛 principallymany（多的）abundant錛 considerable錛 numerous（眾多的） substantial錛 a flood of錛 a good many錛 a great number/deal of錛 many a錛 a wealth/variety of錛 plenty ofmake(制造)produce錛 construct錛 turn out錛 manufacture錛 form錛 shape錛 compose錛 compile（匯編） meet(遇見)encounter錛 run into錛 run across錛 come across錛 happen to seemotivation(動機，動力)drive錛 motivation錛 incentive錛 inducementlink(聯系)relate錛 connect錛 associate（使…聯合，交往）錛 correlate（使相互關聯）錛 attach（使附屬，使喜愛）錛 fasten（扣住，使纏住）錛 tie錛 adhere錛 affiliate（聯合，使緊密聯系）lower(減少)reduce錛 decrease錛 drop off錛 decline錛 dwarf錛 curtail（削減，減少）shorten錛 decline錛 slump錛 eclipse錛 shrink錛 diminish錛 lessen錛 moderate錛 die down錛 cut down錛 cut back錛love(喜歡)be fond of錛 like錛 favor錛 worship錛 adore錛 praise錛 honornow(現在)at present錛 presently錛 currentlyobey(遵守，認同)comply with錛 act upon錛 follow錛 meet the terms錛 act in accordance錛 submit（屈從，提交）錛 observe（遵守，觀察）錛 conform to/with(遵照，順從)observe(觀察)view錛 see錛 spot錛 watch錛 notice錛 make out錛 perceive（感知，察覺）錛 bring attention to錛 be aware of錛 distinguish（辨別）錛 detect（偵查，察覺）錛 scrutinize（檢查）錛 monitor（監督）錛 study錛 explore（探究，考察）obvious(明顯的)apparent錛 clear錛 distinct錛 evident錛 manifest（顯而易見的）only(僅僅)exclusively錛 merely錛 solely錛 no more thanplan(計劃)program錛 project錛 scheme錛 proposal錛 plotpuzzle(使困惑，使費解)bewilder錛 perplex錛 confusepush(驅動，

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迫使，推動)drive錛 propel錛 force錛 oblige（迫使，強迫），compelpossible(可能的)potential錛 promising錛 likelyprotect(保護)conserve錛 preserveprohibit(限制，禁止)forbid錛 ban錛 restrain錛 veto（否決，禁止），stop from錛 limit錛 restrict錛 confine錛 circumscribe/prohibited錛 forbidden錛 banned錛 illegalrelate to(與…相關)associate with錛 connect to錛 correlate with錛 link withrely on(依靠)trust錛 depend on錛 count onremain stable(保持穩定)level out，do not change，remain still，remain steady，be stable，maintain the same level，remain unchanged，be still，remain the same level，stay constant，keep at the same level，level off，stabilize，keep its stabilityremove(除去)erase，delete錛 extinguish錛 exterminate錛 eliminate錛 eradicate（根除）錛 clear away錛 throw away錛 do away with錛 wipe out錛 get rid of 錛 rule out錛say(說，表達)tell錛 talk錛 speak錛 utter(說，講，發表意見)錛 express錛 voice錛 state（陳述）錛 declare（宣布，聲名）錛 claim（聲稱，主張）錛 announce（宣布）錛 address（對…發表演說）錛chat(聊天)錛 discuss（討論）錛 converse（交談）錛 bargain（討價還價）錛 negotiate（談判）錛debate(辯論)send(傳遞)convey錛 transmitsense(感覺，察覺)feel錛 savor錛 be conscious of錛 be aware of錛 perceive錛 detect錛 notice錛 recognize錛 observesubstance(物質，東西，實體)matter錛 object錛 material錛 stuff錛 things錛 entitysharply（急劇地）dramatically，hugely，enormously，steeply，substantially，considerably，significantly，markedly，surprisingly，strikingly，remarkably，vastly，noticeablyshow(表明，說明)demonstrate錛 manifest（表明，證實）錛 prove錛 reveal（揭示，顯示）錛 illustrate錛 depict錛 present錛 represent錛 describesteadily(平穩的)smoothly，slightly，slowly，marginally，gradually，moderately，mildlyspeed(速度)pace錛 tempo錛 ratestop(停止，結束)finish錛 be over錛 cease錛 discontinue錛 bring to an end(close錛 halt)錛 end，come to an end錛 end up錛 terminate，

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run out錛 expire錛 concludestimulate(刺激，激發，鼓勵)activate錛 spur錛 inspire錛 arouse錛 excite錛 provoke錛 stir up錛 trigger錛 encourage錛 motivate錛 invigorate(激勵，鼓舞，使精力充沛)solve(解決)deal with錛 cope with錛 handle錛 tackletake part in(參加)be involved in錛 participate intrade(做交易)exchange錛 deal錛 do business錛 transact錛 swap（交換）錛 switch（改變，轉換）trade(交易，生意)commerce（貿易）錛 commodity（商品，貨物）錛 goods（商品，貨物）錛 merchandise（商品，貨物）錛 transaction（交易）transmit(傳遞，傳播)pass錛 hand on錛 transfer（轉換，傳輸）錛 move錛 convey（表達，傳達，輸送）錛 send錛 instruct（指示，教導）錛 teach錛 inform（告知）true(正確的，真實的)right錛 correct錛 proper（恰當的，正確的）錛 real錛 actual錛 genuine（真的，非偽裝的）錛 authentic（真的，可信的）topic(話題，主題)subject錛 issue錛 theme錛 gist錛 item錛 content錛 pointthink(認為)believe錛 insist錛 maintain錛 assert錛 conclude錛 deem錛 hold錛 argue錛 regard as錛 be convinced錛 be firmly convinced錛 be fully convincedthink(思考)consider錛 ponder（深思）錛 speculate（深思）錛 contemplate（深思）錛 reflect錛 take into account錛 take into consideration錛 occur to sb./ deliberate(深思熟慮的錛 故意的，蓄意的)threaten(威脅)intimidate 錛 frighten錛 bully（欺凌）useful(有用的，有益的)helpful錛 beneficial錛 profitable錛 rewarding，advantageoususe(利用)make use of錛 employ錛 utilize錛 exploit(開發)錛 consume（消耗）understand(理解)know錛 realize錛 appreciate錛 grasp錛 figure out錛 be informed about錛 read錛 make out錛 decipher錛 decode錛 recognize錛 comprehend錛 be acquainted with錛 be familiar withunsure(不確定的)irresolute錛 indecisive錛 undetermined錛 uncertain錛 undecidedvery(非常)awfully錛 badly錛 disproportionately（不成比例地）錛considerably錛excessively錛 extraordinarily錛 extremely錛 greatly錛 highly錛 radically錛 significantlywin(成功)succeed錛 triumph錛 prevail（盛行，佔優勢）錛 transcend（超越，勝過）錛 exceed錛 overcome（戰勝，克服）錛 surpass（超過，勝過），complete錛 finish錛 fulfill(完成，實現)錛 accomplish（完成）錛 achieve（達到，完成，實現）錛 reach（達到）錛 realize（實現）job(工作)profession錛 work錛 occupationkind（類別）type錛 sort錛 class錛 group錛 species錛 division錛 category化學邊界工程技術的應用──創建強度高且柔韌性高，碳含量低的鋼諸平據《科學進展》(Science Advances)2020年3月27日發表的來自中國、德國、日本和荷蘭的一組研究人員的最新成果，他們找到了一種方法，可以使用化學邊界工程（chemical boundary engineering）技術來制造強度高且柔韌性高的鋼材，而無需高碳含量。 Fig. 1 Schematic illustration of a PB錛 a GB錛 and a CB.PB (phase boundary)錛 a boundary between two grains of different lattice type. (B) GB(grain boundary)錛 a boundary between two grains of the same lattice type but with different crystallographic orientations. (C) CB (chemical boundary)錛 defined by a sharp discontinuity of at least one elemental concentration inside a lattice-continuous region錛 e.g.錛 a very sharp chemical gradient. Note that our CBs(chemical boundaries) do not involve any change in crystal structure or lattice orientation. The different colors represent atoms of different element type.圖1是來自上述多國科學家合作研究論文的PB，GB和CB的示意圖。（A）相邊界（phase boundary錛 PB）即不同晶格類型的兩個晶粒之間的邊界。（B）晶粒邊界（grain boundary錛 GB）即相同晶格類型但具有不同晶體學取向的兩個晶粒之間的邊界。（C）化學邊界（chemical boundary錛 CB）即由晶格連續區域內至少一種元素濃度的明顯不連續，也就是存在非常尖銳的化學梯度。請注意，我們的化學邊界（CB）不涉及晶體結構或晶格取向的任何變化。圖1中不同的顏色表示不同元素類型的原子。在發表于《科學進展》(Science Advances)雜志上的論文中，該小組描述了他們的技術及其在測試中的效果。詳見Ran Ding錛 Yingjie Yao錛 Binhan Sun錛 Geng Liu錛 Jianguo He錛 Tong Li錛 Xinhao Wan錛 Zongbiao Dai錛 Dirk Ponge錛 Dierk Raabe錛 Chi Zhang錛 Andy Godfrey錛 Goro Miyamoto錛 Tadashi Furuhara錛 Zhigang Yang錛 Sybrand van der Zwaag錛 Hao Chen. Chemical boundary engineering: A new route toward lean錛 ultrastrong yet ductile steels. Science Advances錛 27 Mar 2020: Vol. 6錛 no. 13錛 eaay1430. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay1430參與此項研究的有來自清華大學的中國科學家，還有來自德國馬克斯·普朗克研究所（Max-Planck-Institut f□r Eisenforschung）以及Institute for Materials & ZGH；日本東北大學（Tohoku University）和荷蘭德爾福特理工大學（Delft University of Technology）的科學家。研究人員指出，他們的工作基于對用于交通運輸和其他基礎設施項目的輕質高強度鋼的需求。他們進一步指出，大多數高強度鋼，特別是具有極限拉伸強度的鋼，都需要高含量的碳或其他昂貴的元素。在這項新的嘗試中，研究人員證明了化學邊界工程技術可用于制造高強度鋼，而無需添加碳或其他元素。化學邊界工程是一種技術，通過該技術，材料（如鋼）的微觀結構中的微小缺陷會導致產生尖銳的化學梯度。當與鋼一起使用時，結果是馬氏體和奧氏體的晶粒交替出現，這使鋼比其他輕。先前的研究表明，在鋼中產生微小的缺陷可用于生產較便宜的強韌鋼，但這樣做往往會導致其在承受應變或熱的情況下損壞。為了解決使用化學邊界工程技術的先前問題，研究人員使用了一種技術，該技術在奧氏體晶粒域與少量錳交替的位置之間生成化學邊界。其過程涉及冷軋低碳鋼，然後使其經受標準奧氏體反轉處理2 h。然後將鋼加熱到單相奧氏體區域並冷卻到環境溫度。在冷卻階段，金屬沉降到不同的階段，直到達到其最終狀態。該團隊通過使用化學品創建樣品來測試他們的技術邊界工程和其他使用標準技術的工程。他們發現，與標準方法相比，他們的新技術使鋼材更堅固，而沒有任何撓性損失。他們還發現測試表明，使用新技術生產的鋼的強度等級超過2.0 GPa。更多信息請注意瀏覽原文或者相關報道。New way to make steel that is both stronger and more ductileAbstractFor decades錛 grain boundary engineering has proven to be one of the most effective approaches for tailoring the mechanical properties of metallic materials錛 although there are limits to the fineness and types of microstructures achievable錛 due to the rapid increase in grain size once being exposed to thermal loads (low thermal stability of crystallographic boundaries). Here錛 we deploy a unique chemical boundary engineering (CBE) approach錛 augmenting the variety in available alloy design strategies錛 which enables us to create a material with an ultrafine hierarchically heterogeneous microstructure even after heating to high temperatures. When applied to plain steels with carbon content of only up to 0.2 weight %錛 this approach yields ultimate strength levels beyond 2.0 GPa in combination with good ductility (20%). Although demonstrated here for plain carbon steels錛 the CBE design approach is錛 in principle錛 applicable also to other alloys.，